Preceding conventional model-based control techniques applied to the DC motor has not been effective in achieving reference tracking, canceling parametric uncertainties and rejecting external disturbances. Hence, this paper presents a two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) structure for the speed control of the separately-excited DC motor, where good set-point tracking and disturbance rejection are both achieved. Its aim is fundamentally built on the prospect of online estimating the unknown disturbance inputs affecting the DC motor by means of suitable observers and proceeding to canceling them via an appropriate feedback control law, using the gathered disturbance estimate. An extended state observer (ESO) in real-time estimates the general disturbance, consisting of the external disturbance and internal uncertainties, and feeds it back in the control loop thus canceling them out. While the state controller provides usual feedback control. The proposed controller features a revolutionary departure from the model-based feedback control paradigm, as it does not require a precise but coarse model of the motor to design a suitable controller.Computer simulations are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.

Introduction: Ceramics tiles have been used for building decoration in Nigeria. However, the glazing materials and other chemical additives in their production could increase their radionuclides. Analysis of radionuclides: Uranium-238 (²³⁸U), Thorium-232 (²³²Th) and Potassium-40 (⁴⁰K) in commonly used tiles is hereby presented.

Materials and Methods: Radionuclides in 16 different samples of tiles, 10 made in Nigeria (LMT) and 6 imported (IT), were analysed using Canberra NaI(Tl) Gamma ray detector at the Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratory, National Institute of Radiation Protection and Research, Ibadan, Nigeria. Radiological hazard indices namely, Radium Equivalent Activity (Ra_eq), External Hazard (H_ex), Internal Hazard H_in), Gamma Index(I_γ), Alpha Index(I_α), Absorbed Dose Rate (D_R), Annual Effective Dose (AED), and Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (ELCR), associated with each sample were thereafter calculated. Results were compared with the international recommended limit (IRL).

Results: The mean concentration (Bq/kg) of ²³⁸U, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K obtained from LMT were 18.46±10.46, 138.55±31.27 and 478.95±39.09 while that from IT were 26.87±16.34, 108.35±37.20 and 796.23±227.52 respectively. The mean values of Ra_eq, H_ex, H_in, I_γ, I_α, D_R, AED and ELCR obtained from LMT and IT were 253.46 and 243.12(Bq/kg);  0.68 and 0.66; 0.73 and 0.73; 0.91 and 0.90; 0.09 and 0.13; 115.50 and 115.90(nGy/h); 0.57 and 0.57(mSv/year);  and 1.98 and 1.99(x 10^-3) respectively.

Conclusion: It was observed that Ra_eq and AED obtained from both LMT and IT selected for this study were less than IRL of 370 Bq/kg and 1 mSv/year respectively. Tiles of these samples are considered safe for building decoration.

The world has practically gone digital as almost everything has moved from analogue to digital. There is also an increasing appetite for digital data among people. Academic libraries of the 21^st century operate   in such a digital environment. However, studies examining the impact of digital transformations on libraries have remained largely scarce. In this study, the researcher  examined the impact of digital transformation on libraries. The survey research design was used for the study. A total of 240 library users and 240 library professionals took part in the study. The questionnaire was used  as the instrument for data collection. The results showed that all the  five assumptions tested  in the study were supported. In particular, the researcher found that digital transformation of  information have significantly  impacted libraries in the areas of service delivery, service utilization, library management,  library materials format and library patronage. Based on these results, the researcher recommends, among others, that libraries should continue to monitor and respond to changes that digital transformation trigger.

In the ‘60s through the ‘80s, the Nigerian educational system was a model for many African countries, and its tertiary institutions attracted many gifted students and scholars from all over the continent and beyond (Adeaga 2012). In fact, Nigeria was regarded as the UK and the US of Africa where parents sent their children for further studies. However today, the story is a complete reverse since rich Nigerians now send their children not only to the UK and US, but astonishingly, to South Africa, Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania and even Uganda for further studies. What went wrong? Who were responsible for the fall of the Nigerian academic Ivory Tower? How could the old glories of Nigeria’s tertiary institutions be restored? In addition to exploring, identifying and scrutinizing answers to these questions, this paper proposed successful strategies to tame the elephant in the room - corruption in the country’s academia. However, the biggest task of this work isto elucidate how to implement those policies. This is important because corruption must be stopped not just by punishing the culprits but also by sanitizing the entire education system in order to make it extremely difficult for corruption to breed in(Egbefo 2012). Therefore, this article recommends the following “best practices” (Johnson 2012). 1. Promoting the culture of transparency at all levels; 2. Institutionalization of ethical government; 3. Education against corruption for all; 4. Nigerian organizations uniting against corruption; 5. Access to

basic academic procedural information and 6. Role of the family. It concludes qualified candidates for admission and recruitment into any tertiary institution in Nigeria should not give any bribe to be admitted or hired because it is their basic human right. On the other hand, those who are not qualified should not deprive those who are, of their right and positions. Any tertiary institution in Nigeria where honesty, fairness and the rule of law abide, will be corruption-free

corruption in the political life of a nation is a tragedy while corruption in the educational sector is a double tragedy. Because the educational sectors have tremendous capacity to set in motion an uncontrollable reproductive process of corruption in the larger society and thereby mare the development of structures (Onwuka 2009).

This study investigated the perceived role of “Igbe” religious practice in the development of mental illness among the Tiv people of Benue State. The “Igbe” religious practice has been part of the Tiv culture for quite a very long time now and despite attribution of the practice to the development of some mental illness no empirical research has been carried out to substantiate this fact. A quantitative and qualitative design was utilized for the study. A purposeful and convenient sampling technique was used for the study. A total of 1540 participants comprising of1037 (64.8%) male and 503(31.8%) female were sampled for the study. The Igbe Inventory a self developed inventory by the researcher for the measure of Igbe and Religious Commitment Scale were used for data collection. Three hypotheses were tested using simple linear regression, independent t-test and chi-square. It was found among others that Igbe religious practice played a significant role in the development of mental illness among the Tiv people. The result also showed a significant age difference on the influence of Igbe religious practice in the development of mental illness among the Tiv people and a significant influence of Igbe religious practice on other ethnic groups in the development of mental illness. Based on the study findings, recommendations were made.

The difference is often a fact of most social setting. Because of this, systems and societies are regularly saddled with their management. People are eventually differentiated in peace, growth and development, based on their ability to engender harmony indifference (Nnoli, N., 1998). In societies where the difference is better managed, conflict, tensions and fears are likely reduced, leading to progress. The reverse may be the case in a social order where the ability to manage difference is lacking. Heterogeneity requires negotiation, consensus-building and control for advancement to come.  Theoretically, homogenous societies are not also absolute, given the reflection of some difference, if not in ethnic identification, but other forms of classifications or divider like class, income or age groups, or in educational or social exposures (Mbogu, N. 2014). Sameness could, however, come from a difference over time and scale, given the possibility of experiencing common practices (Olukoju, 1997). In a society like Nigeria, the practices could be in language, manners and mannerisms, unconsciously developing over periods of intermixing and interrelationship (Edewor, P. et.al, 2014). This paper identifies accent and greeting as conducts through which boundedness have emerged, rather involuntarily, amongst peoples of the multiethnic nation, which could be identified and harnessed for unity, especially in the face of the continuing crisis of unification.

The impact of covid-19 on different facets of life cannot be overemphasized, especially on socialization. Socialization is a way of life of the people, especially in the way they relate with one another and their engagement in social activities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of Covid-19 on the socialization of the people of Calabar Metropolis in Cross River State, Nigeria. A simple survey design was used for the study. A total of 200 respondents were systematically sampled from the study area. Mainly, data were collected from respondents in their residents using a questionnaire designed by the researcher to determine the effect of Covid-19 on the socialization of the metropolitans. The survey had ten items that were used to elicit responses, of which some were open-ended while some were close-ended questions. Data were collected within 18 days. Data collected were sorted, coded, credited, and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 software. The hypothesis set was tested using simple regression analysis significant at a 95% Confidence Interval (0.05). The results were presented using descriptive and inferential statistics. The following were the identified effects of Covid-19 on socialization: people relationship 135(67.5%), affecting religious worship life 167(83.5%), buying pattern 110(55.0%), people's exercise and physical activity 134(67.0%), outing patterns 200(100%), health consciousness 89(44.5%), and personal hygiene 98(49.0%). People avoided handshakes 140(70.0%), embrace 102(51.0%), and hospitals for fear of being diagnosed of Covid-19 of contacting it from health workers or patients 65(32.5%) while increased frequent hand washing 70(35.0%), the use of face mask 180(90.0%) and use of hand sanitizers 83(41.5%). The hypothesis stated showed that there is a significant influence of covid-19 on socialization (P < .000). Continuous adherence to precautionary social measures was recommended, among others.

Buildings are key contributors to climate warning that is very detrimental to the health of the fragile earth that we live in. The climate change needs to be curbed through reduced global warming and since buildings are key contributors of green gas emissions, that’s the right place to start as it is cost effective. The arrival of M2M (Machine to Machine), IoT (Internet of Things), AEP (Application Enablement Platform) technologies that are able to interconnect sensors attached to devices in a building and intelligently, monitor the building is a solution to energy efficient smart buildings. The goal of this study is to develop a model for successful Adoption of Internet of Things Based Smart Energy Building. The study contributes to the widening debate about how the transformation of energy efficient buildings in cities responds to the changing smart technologies and climate change.The developed model was validated through partial least squares Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The quality of both levels defined in -SEM analysis, i.e., the measurement model and the structural model, were assessed on performance measures defined in literature using  data collected from  national Construction Authority. According to the findings, the study recommends that Internet of Things smart building technologies area necessity for energy efficiency which, if adopted en-mass by an enforceable legal framework, could lead to significant improvement in the adoption rate of Smart Building in Kenya resulting in reduced global warming.

This article looks at the similarities between the two most common system development tools, Data Flow Diagram DFD and Unified modelling Language UML diagrams. It explored the intricacies of the function of notations and meanings of the symbols used in the two modelling tools by pointing out the similarities and contrast between them, then subsequently established facts of how the two modelling tools can be blended together to leverage a combined benefits of the two modelling tools as an entity in system development process.  The research also put side by side the techniques for process modelling which includes interview, questionnaire, survey group and observation. Hence, it provided detailed analysis to justify when one can be preferred over another and made further recommendation on the most efficient model to adopt during process modelling. The article chose as a case study a coach system captioned World Wide Tour Management System (TMS) operating in most part of Europe but predominantly in the UK which is broad enough to provide scenarios for demonstrating the benefits of using Use Case Diagram (UCD), Class Diagram, Communication Diagram and Sequence diagram during both analysis and design phase of process development. In conclusion it was established that DFD are most suited for understanding of functionality of the system operations at requirement gathering stage where as UML models seamlessly reveals all software objects necessary for constructing the proposed system under consideration. 

What happens to students after transiting to high school? Many students, who pose good marks in their primary school, unfortunately, fail to record the same while in high school. This can be explained by a close examination of how motivated students are while in secondary school. The core purpose of this study was to investigate factors that may enhance a more sustainable academic motivation during the high school period so that students benefit from the educational process.  Lack of motivation in studies while in secondary school has led to dismal performance in National exams, and many students do not benefit much even after the four years of secondary schooling. Such a concern called for an investigation. This study thus sought to investigate the predictors of Academic Motivation in public secondary schools in Kiambu County, Kenya. To accomplish this task, the study was guided by two research hypotheses. These included: There is a significant relationship between parental involvement and academic motivation in public secondary schools in Kiambu County. There is a significant relationship between school connectedness and academic motivation in public secondary schools in Kiambu County. The study made reference to Deci and Richard Ryan, Self-Determination Theory (1985). The study also made use of SPSS computer software for data analysis. The study also made use of descriptive survey design because it is useful in enabling the researcher to establish the relationship between the two predictor variables and their influence on Academic Motivation.  Among the population, comprised of the form three students. The sample consisted of 240 students from 8 public schools who were selected through simple random sampling. The researcher also carried out a pilot study to check out if the respondents were consistent with the items provided in the questionnaire. Expert judgment was sought from the supervisor in developing and in the revising of the research instrument to ensure that there was validity and also to ensure that the research instrument yielded consistent results after repeated trials. Statistical Procedures were carried out using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). The data was analyzed through the quantitative technique. The study revealed that students whose parents are concerned with their studies depicted higher levels of academic motivation.  Students also recorded high levels of motivation if the school environment was conducive.  If these factors were met and strategies laid down for implementation, many students would benefit academic-wise.  Among the recommendations that emanated from the findings was that; parents should be enlightened on the need to get actively involved in the academic activities of their students. The teachers should strive to understand and meet the students’ needs while in school, this will motivate students to learn and eventually attain value for education, which is the core purpose of any education process.